New energy efficiency legislation that will drastically impact your building is fast approaching and you don’t want to be caught unprepared.  Join us for an interactive session with leaders in the field of energy efficiency.  Learn how you can take advantage of these required changes, and benefit from cost saving measures.  You will also hear about all of the potential funding and financing opportunities available to help with project costs.

June 17, 2010, 6:00-8:00pm,

followed by networking a reception

Sony Wonder Technology Lab Auditorium

550 Madison Ave (at 56th St.)

PANELISTS

Representative from the City of New York:  NYC Green Building Codes

Kate Grossman, Greenwich Energy Solutions:  Energy Audits and Qualifying Buildings

Brett Greenberg, Bovis Lend Lease:  Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures

David Gibson, Lutron:  Advanced Lighting Technologies

Cliff Schorer, Greenwich Energy Solutions: Financing Options

Diana Pangestu, Solar One:  NYSERDA Incentives and Case Study

Seminar Cost:  $25

To register, click on the following link:

NYU-Poly Panel w Engineer Kareem 4.19.10

Join Solar One, McKissack & McKissack, CRDF, and the New York Professional Chapter of Engineers Without Borders as we host a discussion on the success and challenges of the U.S. Department of State’s Iraq Engineer Enhancement Program (IEEP) at NYU-Poly. The panel will explore the challenges of rebuilding Iraq’s scientific and technological infrastructure, and the urgency of embracing sustainable technologies.

Date: Monday, April 19, 2010, 6:00-8:00pm

Location: NYU-Poly, 160 Varick St. 19th Floor, New York, NY

Register:  Email Diana Pangestu at diana@solar1.org, or call (212) 785-0734

Listen as an Iraqi executive and engineer charged with reconstruction of Iraq’s damaged infrastructure describes the technical, professional and societal challenges facing Iraq today.

Learn more about “science diplomacy” as embodied in the Iraq Engineer Enhancement Program (IEEP), a U.S State Department program managed by the Civilian Research and Development Foundation that is designed to connect Iraqi engineers and professionals with the knowledge they need to rebuild their country.

Connect with a growing network of friends and supporters.

Panelists:

Engineer Kareem, CRDF Fellow at the Iraq Engineers Enhancement Program

Micah Kotch, Director, NYC ACRE Incubator at NYU-Poly

Lex Heslin, President and CEO, Beautiful Earth Group / renewable energy development

Jonathan McClelland, MJ Beck / financing renewable energy projects

Woody Crouch, PE, AECOM / solar power infrastructure, emerging markets

Andrew McNamara, Vice President of New Construction & Renewables at Bright Power Inc.

Moderated by:

Alaa Majeed, Iraqi-American journalist

Andrew Daquesian, Manhattan Chamber of Commerce, Chair, Green Design & Construction Committee

You can read the interview here.

NYC-ACRE and Solar One come together to showcase some of the newest wind and energy projects in NYC, while providing invaluable and practical discussion on how to further establish a cleantech market in NYC.

SPEAKERS:
Micah Kotch, Director of Operations at NYC-ACRE at NYU-Poly
John Humphrey, Co-Founder of Sollega Inc.
James Gallagher, NYCEDC Senior VP for Energy Policy
Russell M. Tencer, CEO of Wind Products LLC
Diana Pangestu, Energy $mart Communities Coordinator at Solar One

Wine & Cheese networking reception to follow!

LOCATION:
NYC-ACRE at NYU-Poly, 160 Varick Street, aka 10 Hudson Square,
12th Floor, New York City

FREE EVENT!
Please RSVP by March 15 as space is limited: www.solar1.com/acre-cleantech

NYC-ACRE and Solar One come together to showcase some of the newest wind and energy projects in NYC, while providing invaluable and practical discussion on how to further establish a cleantech market in NYC.

SPEAKERS:
Micah Kotch, Director of Operations at NYC-ACRE at NYU-Poly
John Humphrey, Co-Founder of Sollega Inc.
James Gallagher, NYCEDC Senior VP for Energy Policy
Russell M. Tencer, CEO of Wind Products LLC
Diana Pangestu, Energy $mart Communities Coordinator at Solar One

Wine & Cheese networking reception to follow!

LOCATION:
NYC-ACRE at NYU-Poly, 160 Varick Street, aka 10 Hudson Square,
12th Floor, New York City

FREE EVENT!
Please RSVP by March 15 as space is limited: www.solar1.com/acre-cleantech

Solar One in partnership with the Office of Recycling Outreach and Education will be touring Green from the Inside Out, a three-part workshop on recycling, energy efficiency, and rooftop possibilities for multifamily buildings, throughout New York City.

These workshops are designed to give building owners, shareholders, and managers the tools, resources, and information they need to green their multifamily building.  Look below for the workshop descriptions, to see the date and location of the next workshop, and to reserve your spot.

If you would like us to bring these workshops to your neighborhood, contact Celia Salgado at celia@solar1.org, or 212-505-6050.

6:30pm: A Survey of Solar Energy Roof Applications for NYC: Solar Thermal, Photovoltaics, Green Roofs and White Roofs

In this workshop Solar One will introduce, define and discuss the economic and quality of life implications of three solar rooftop applications that have considerable promise in the five borough area: solar thermal technology, photovoltaics and white roofs.

7:15 pm: Combating Rising Energy Costs with Energy Efficiency for Multifamily Buildings

Find out how to reduce fuel and utility costs while improving resident comfort and building performance. Solar One’s NYSERDA Energy $mart Communities Coordinator will present cost-effective ways for residential building owners and managers to make lighting, appliances, heating and cooling more energy efficient. Learn about the government and utility incentives that are available for your building, as well as the Community Preservation Corporation’s new Neighborhood Energy Loan Program that provides financing for retrofitting multi-family apartment buildings for energy efficiency.

8pm: Navigating NYC’s Recycling Landscape

Hear about new recycling laws and old misconceptions. Find out how to avoid fines, improve your recycling program and get your tenants to recycle.  Learn about other ways to reduce waste, recycle more and help make NYC a little greener. OROE is a program of the Council on the Environment of New York City.

WHEN:  Monday, January 25th

6:30pm to 8:30pm

WHERE: Sol Goldman YM-YWHA

344 East 14th Street New York, NY

RSVP’s required.  Send email to celia@solar1.org to RSVP

RSVP’d guests can arrive at 6:15 to speak with Vendors about products. Presentations will start at 6:30pm and run until 8:30pm. There will be breaks in between presentations to talk to Vendors.

Free!  Refreshments will be served.  Vendors will be available to answer any technical questions about energy audits, different roof applications, and recycling.

GREEN FROM THE INSIDE OUT is a product of Solar One, in partnership with the Office of Recycling Outreach and Education. This series was made possible by a grant from the Environmental Protection Agency.

http://twitter.com/solaronenyc

We will use this for quick links,  announcements, event updates, stray thoughts and anything we feel is worth passing along.  We also will have Chris Neidl posting updates from the UN Climate Conference in Copenhagen beginning December 14th.  He will also have more detailed video updates posted daily in this space.

Join the SIEDC and Solar1 on this fun filled day and learn how to live a happier, healthier and greener life in New York City!

The Staten Island Health and Environmental Conference 2009 will present the latest information on healthcare and environmental issues by industry experts and professionals, and is the first of its kind on Staten Island. The day long forum will consist of vending, seminars, panel discussions and keynote addresses. Free on-site medical screenings will also be provided! In addition, The Health and Environment Conference will demonstrate why a clean environment is important to a healthy lifestyle. Participants will also learn the latest ways to incorporate green practices into their businesses, homes and lifestyles and about the environmental impact of current practices.

WHEN: Thursday September 24th, 2009, 8:00am-8:00pm

WHERE: Hilton Garden Inn- Staten Island

For more information contact:  SIEDC at 718-477-1400, or visit SIEDC.org

Saturday September 19th

Short: Blue Marble Ice Cream (from From Elegance to Earthworms)

Feature: Burning In the Sun
WORLD PREMIERE! 26-year-old Daniel Dembele decides to return to his homeland in Mali and start a local business building solar panels – the first of its kind in the sun drenched nation. Burning in the Sun tells the story of Daniel’s journey growing the shaky startup into a viable company and of the business’ impact on Daniel’s first customers in the tiny village of Banko. Taking a controversial stance on climate change, poverty, and African self-sufficiency, the filmmakers shed light on progress in Africa, and infuse optimism across culture. This 2008 IFP Documentary Lab selection will be shown in collaboration with Rooftop Films and IFP.

Speakers: Cambria Matlow and Morgan Robinson (Directors)

Cambria Matlow is a founding filmmaker of Birdgirl Productions, and Burning In The Sun marks her debut as a documentary feature director. She began production of the film in 2005 and has garnered national support from LEF Foundation and the Brooklyn Arts Council. Before her work with Birdgirl, Cambria directed and lensed several short narrative films which crossover styles lending a ‘documentary’ feel to fiction filmmaking. Cambria’s abilities are anchored by her dynamic background in filmmaking, foreign language ability, rich intercultural experience and political awareness.

Morgan Robinson worked as field producer and cinematographer for documentary filmmaker John Halpern. Previously he worked in the production department of Spike Lee’s HE GOT GAME andSUMMER OF SAM. Currently, In addition to co-directing Burning in the Sun, Morgan works for Punched in the Head Productions making MTV True Life documentaries. Morgan wrote, directed and produced the award winning short film CATABASIS, and JI DUMA: BRING THEM WATER.

Political proclamations and big gusts of wind often go together.

This paradigm of civic symbiosis was never more true than last Tuesday, when Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick announced plans to markedly boost his commonwealth’s wind power capacity by 2020.  While Massachusetts currently produces just 7 MW of wind-generated energy annually, Patrick hopes to ramp up production to 2000 MW – enough to power 800,000 homes and 10% of overall anticipated need – by the end of the next decade.  The ambitious policy will supplement his administration’s recent commitment of 250 MW of solar power by 2017.

The announcement also comes on the heels of the DOE’s 2007 decision to locate one of two planned Wind Technology Testing Centers there, spurring speculation that Massachusetts could join California as a leader in forging a green economy.  In a statement issued by Governor Patrick’s office, the new center will provide a framework for the “economic rewards of technological development, entrepreneurship and jobs.” Assuming an even greater commitment to clean energy policy at the federal level by the incoming Obama administration and new DOE honcho Steven Chu, this is a trend that should continue.

Though some hurdles remain in getting locals on board (one proposed Cape Cod offshore wind farm comes to mind), Massachusetts Secretary for Energy and Environmental Affairs Ian Bowles noted that last year’s incentive-laden Mass. Green Communities Act has “municipalities around the Commonwealth… lining up to bring wind power to their communities.”  In part to alleviate concerns about the blight of turbines on the seascape, the state is also formulating a comprehensive ocean-management plan to identify other suitable locations for “appropriate-scale renewable energy facilities.”

The initiative is part of a broader attempt to reduce the commonwealth’s greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050 and 25% by 2020, as mandated by the 2007 Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act.

Sources: “Patrick sets 2000-MW wind-power goal”, Providence Business News; “Deval Patrick unveils big push for wind power”, Your Industry News; “Residents upset over Cape Cod wind-farm plan”, www.sfgate.com; “Massachusetts Moves Closer to Having Nation’s First Offshore Wind Farm and More Secure Energy Future” (press release; Jan. 16, 2009), www.capewind.org; “”Summary of S. 2768, The Green Communities Act”, Conservation Law Foundation; “Senate Bill, No. 534″, “Governor Patrick Sets New Goals for Wind Power” (press release; Jan. 13, 2009), www.mass.gov.

In 2008, thin-film solar became the latest candidate on the short list for the holy grail of renewables, achieving record efficiency ratings in the laboratory that caught the attention of both the energy industry and the mainstream press. While not quite as effective as traditional silicon-based photovoltaics, which regularly achieve conversion efficiencies of over 20%, the newer thin-film panels offer an obvious advantage in that they use less material and are therefore cheaper to produce. Now new developments promise to increase thin-film’s efficiency enough to lower the costs of generating energy near the range of cheaper-but-oh-so-dirty fossil fuels.

Researchers at the Australian National University and the Center of Nanophotonics at the Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics in Amsterdam have discovered that “sprinkling” the surface of thin-film panels with nanoparticles of silver (Ag) can significantly increase the amount of light the panels can absorb. Previous thin-film applications proved less effective at handling wavelengths of light from both the longer (redder) and shorter (bluer) ends of the electromagnetic spectrum, limiting their efficiency in experiments. Incorporating minute silver flecks, however, has the effect of “thickening” the cells horizontally, allowing for the conversion of these more elusive wavelengths. The electrons in silver are highly sensitive to visible light and react by emitting their own photons in the form of “surface plasmons”, electromagnetic waves that propagate across the surface of the panel rather than through it. By traveling in this manner, the plasmons come into contact with more of the cell’s silicon, increasing its ability to convert light into electricity.

According to the researchers’ findings recently published in Optics Express (see abstract), this breakthrough could improve the conversion rates of these wavelengths nearly tenfold. And though silver is expensive, the overall cost of thin-film technology should hardly be affected. The metal is used in such small quantities that analysts predict a price increase of no more than a few cents per panel.

Sources: “19.9%: New Thin Film Solar Efficiency Record”, TreeHugger; “Seeing Red”, The Economist; Catchpole, K.R. and A. Polman, “Plasmonic Solar Cells”, Optics Extress (Vol 16, Issue 26); “Enhancing solar cells with nanoparticles”, www.nanitenews.com; Paddon, Paul and Bernhard Michel,“Enabling Solar Cells: Virtual Prototyping of Nanostructures”, www.simuloptics.com; “Surface plasmon resonance”, Wikipedia;  www.erbium.nl (Photonic Materials Group website).

The potential of wind turbine technology to provide for our growing electricity needs on a utility scale increases every year as technology improves and its costs decline versus rising fossil fuel prices. However, wind power is limited by two key factors: time and location. Put simply, the wind doesn’t always blow and the areas with the highest wind resource are often located far away from population centers or in areas where development is controversial.

Developing turbines miles off shore along coastal shelves, where wind is more constant, speeds are higher and the imposing 30-story scale of today’s turbines are minimized to the size of thimble from land, may help mitigate both of these obstacles going forward. In spite of these advantages, recent large scale project proposals to develop offshore wind in the the Northeast have either succumbed to local opposition or escalating project costs. However, new proposals, including a few in the New York City harbor area, are again on the table, and important allies – including Mayor Bloomberg – have come to advocate for its development in the region.

KC Sahl, the New York Project Director for Bluewater Wind, one of the nation’s leading developers of offshore wind projects, will speak about offshore wind turbine technology and potential in the local context. 

“…Call it CSI: Thermal Police — energy experts armed with mostly low-tech tools but strong sleuthing skills, finding flaws that let the air inside a house go through a full exchange with the outdoors twice an hour, instead of once every two or three hours.

Correct those flaws, and heating and cooling costs are typically cut by 20 percent to 30 percent, a saving of more than $1,000 annually in some households. In addition, carbon dioxide emissions and the strain on the national electric and gas systems are reduced.

About 140,000 houses will be weatherized with public help this year, a total that President-elect Barack Obama has promised to raise to one million, to reduce energy consumption and cut energy costs for households and taxpayers, who often absorb those costs for the poor. This would represent a historic shift in emphasis for the federal and state governments, reducing poor people’s energy bills instead of helping to pay them. [NY Times | Full Article]

For more information about weatherization services or training in your community, contact the Community Environmental Center or Solar One!

Imagine 3.8 billion years of design brilliance available for free, at the moment of creation, to any sustainability innovator in the world.  Imagine nature’s most elegant ideas organized by design and engineering function, so you can enter “filter salt from water” and see how mangroves, penguins, and shorebirds desalinate without fossil fuels. Now imagine you can meet the people who have studied these organisms, and together you can create the next great bio-inspired solution.

That’s the idea behind AskNature, the online inspiration source for the biomimicry community. Think of it as your home habitat—whether you’re a biologist who wants to share what you know about an amazing organism, or a designer, architect, engineer, or chemist looking for planet-friendly solutions. AskNature is where biology and design cross-pollinate, so bio-inspired breakthroughs can be born.

Many of our day to day activities, while seemingly without consequences, have important implications for our environment and collective future quality of life when measured in aggregate over time. However, seeing is believing, and the inability of individuals to register, make sense of and quantify these impacts remains one of the greatest challenges complicating efforts to solve complex, global problems such as climate change and resource depletion.

Makemesustainable.com is a web-based project designed to close this ‘cognitive gap’ between individual lifestyle choices and global sustainability challenges through the innovative use of new software and emerging social networking media. The site hosts highly useable ‘tools for action’ that help you conveniently estimate and visualize your carbon and resource impacts. Not only does the project generate and prescribe practical, highly specific alternatives that match your individual circumstances, it also provides precise figures and feedback that relay the actual consequences of implementing those alternatives.

Makemesustainable.com’s added genius is that its tools can be applied to either individuals or groups, and that it fully capitalizes on the internet’s capacity to pool and share great ideas, best practices and locally specific information between a potentially limitless community of users.

Join MakeMeSustainable mastermind and founder Ben Brown for a guided tour his new project, and discussion about how and why it happened.

Many of our day to day activities, while seemingly without consequences, have important implications for our environment and collective future quality of life when measured in aggregate over time. However, seeing is believing, and the inability of individuals to register, make sense of and quantify these impacts remains one of the greatest challenges complicating efforts to solve complex, global problems such as climate change and resource depletion.

Makemesustainable.com is a web-based project designed to close this ‘cognitive gap’ between individual lifestyle choices and global sustainability challenges through the innovative use of new software and emerging social networking media. The site hosts highly useable ‘tools for action’ that help you conveniently estimate and visualize your carbon and resource impacts. Not only does the project generate and prescribe practical, highly specific alternatives that match your individual circumstances, it also provides precise figures and feedback that relay the actual consequences of implementing those alternatives.

Makemesustainable.com’s added genius is that its tools can be applied to either individuals or groups, and that it fully capitalizes on the internet’s capacity to pool and share great ideas, best practices and locally specific information between a potentially limitless community of users.

Join MakeMeSustainable mastermind and founder Ben Brown for a guided tour his new project, and discussion about how and why it happened.

Soon to be the largest wind farm in the state, the Milford Project will create about 275 jobs during construction and is also the first to be completed in conjunction with the federal Bureau of Land Management. Click here to read the project overview and here for a map of Utah’s wind potential.

Sources: “First Wind Begins Construction on Milford Wind Corridor Project”, First Wind (press release); “Bureau of Land Management approves Milford Wind Corridor”, Emerging Energy News;“BLM clears way for Milford wind corridor”, The Salt Lake Tribune;“Milford Wind Corridor Project Overview with Land Ownership”, Office of Governor, Utah; “BLM: Utah: Wind Energy”, “Utah Wind Power Potential”, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; “California in Brief: Los Angeles – City Council approves wind-power deals”, Los Angeles Times (Dec. 20, 2007); “Utah wind farm to benefit L.A.”, Deseret Morning News (Dec. 21, 2007).

Imagine if the earth were flat.

Not only would ships hurtle off its edges into the void; due to the limited angle-of-solar-incidence, days would most likely be shorter, darker and colder. Because less surface area would be directly exposed to the sun, less solar radiation would be absorbed by the earth.

The same principle applies to solar panels. The flat shape of the typical photovoltaic cell requires that, in order to maximize its efficiency, its position be adjusted to correspond to the shifting sun throughout the day. Solyndra, a California-based company that specializes in the design and manufacture of pV systems, is now applying this simple geometric principle to create cheaper and more efficient solar arrays.

Solyndra’s cells resemble the ubiquitous fluorescent lighting tubes found in many homes and apartments and consist of one smaller glass tube encased within another. The inner tube is coated with a compound known as CIGS (for copper, indium, gallium and selenide), which is used to make thin-film photovoltaics. The outer tube serves to keep moisture out and act as a solar concentrator, focusing photons onto the compound coating. Though thin-film systems are currently less efficient than traditional silicon-based systems, thin-film offers many advantages in that it is cheaper to produce, uses less material and can be deposited on a wider variety of surfaces. Many companies therefore are banking that thin-film solar will be the future of renewable energy. As Solyndra has discovered, its ability to be shaped into this tubular design makes the case for thin-film even stronger.

First of all, the tubular arrays can collect sunlight from any direction, even from below, so most cylindrical systems are placed on white-painted substrates in order to reflect light back up into the tube, as well as absorbing it directly from above. This allows these arrays to collect 20% more sunlight than standard flat systems, according to Solyndra’s estimates. In addition, the cylinders are easier to install and maintain, thereby reducing labor costs; traditional flat panels need to be carefully arranged so that they don’t shade each other, a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, and they also need to be tilted to follow the sun’s trajectory. This means that, not only can cylindrical arrays do away with automatic tracking systems that are expensive and can limit the system’s efficiency, but they are also less prone to damage caused by wind and exposure to other elements. This helps to alleviate one of the other drawbacks of flat-panel systems – maintenance and replacement costs associated with hurricanes and other storms.

Solyndra is currently targeting only commercial rooftops, but with improved efficiency and incentive policies, that will hopefully change; their systems are popular in Germany and Spain, both countries with progressive feed-in tariffs that help mitigate the start-up costs for solar installation. Their largest customer is Phoenix Solar, a German company that has contracts with Solyndra worth $1.2 billion. Among Phoenix Solar’s Solyndra-designed arrays are five prototype systems here in the U.S., including in California, Utah and Florida. If these tubes prove they can overcome the obstacles associated with traditional arrays, the iconic flat panel may soon be replaced by an altogether different shape.

Sources: “Cylindrical Solar Cells Give Whole New Meaning to Sunroof”, Scientific American;“Tubular Sunshine”, The Economist;“Solyndra, with over $600M in funding, finally shows its solar hand”, The New York Times; “Better Solar For Big Buildings”, MIT Technology Review; “Inside Secretive New Solar-Tech Factory”, Wired; “Measuring Solar Spectral and Angle-of-Incidence Effects on Photovoltaic Modules and Solar Irradiance Sensors”, Sandia National Laboratories; “”Effect of sun angle on climate”, Wikipedia; “Shading: Solar Incidence”, squ1.org/wiki/Solar_Incidence; “Earth-Sun relationships and insolation”, www.eoearth.org; www.solyndra.com; www.phoenixsolar.com.

Imagine a technology that not only generates energy with minimal greenhouse gas emissions, but that can even remove existing emissions sources while also solving the problem of garbage disposal. If St. Lucie County in Florida proves correct, plasma incinerators may be one more option in our growing sustainability portfolio. Instead of dumping its trash in landfills, St. Lucie County hopes to blast it with streams of superheated gas (known as plasma) at temperatures of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature, organic matter vaporizes into a form of gas that can be used to power turbines, generating waste steam that could be then be used to create more energy. Inorganic matter such as aluminum cans could be used as recycled material for construction and infrastructure, including filler for roadbeds.

Not only does St. Lucie County hope to provide power for 50,000 homes in the process, but, by keeping trash out of landfills, it would significantly curb methane emissions that would result from decomposition. In addition, the plasma process itself (also known as plasma arc gasification) apparently generates far fewer emissions than standard incineration, and the county administration expects that the resulting energy will be no more expensive than natural gas.

Though plasma plants have been around since the 1980s, St. Lucie’s will be the first intended specifically for waste disposal. Expected to go on-line in 2011, city planners anticipate that it will process 1,500 tons of garbage daily and will supply the local energy grid with 60 MW of electricity (though some sources claim that public outcry (see below) and other logistical difficulties have caused GeoPlasma – the plant’s owner and developer – to propose a scaled-back verison that will process only 200 tons per day).

The plan is not without controversy, however. Skeptics claim that the technology is unproven and may release unsafe amounts of dioxin and other cancer-causing particulates into the community. Others claim that the proposed benefits may be overblown; a study of a similar plasma arc waste disposal facility in Honolulu concluded that the technology actually increased waste disposal costs while providing little if any environmental benefit. Until such concerns are abated, our trash isn’t likely to go anywhere but into the ground.

Sources: “Plasma Turns Garbage Into Gas”, Scientific American; “Doctors Say: Be Careful, St. Lucie County; make Geoplasma prove its claims about proposed arc incinerator”, www.tcpalm.com; “City to Brief Council on Plasma Arc Recommendations For Landfill Reduction”, City of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services (press release); “Can We Turn Garbage Into Energy? The Pros and Cons of Plasma Incineration”, www.slate.com; “Plasma arc waste disposal”, “Plasma (physics)”, www.wikipedia.com; “How Plasma Converters Work”, www.howstuffworks.com; “The Prophet of Garbage”; Popular Science; “Generating Power From Waste”, www.recyclingexpert.co.uk; www.geoplasma.com (Geoplasma homepage).